Saussure e grida

Devi affrontare l’esame di Linguistica Generale e non sai da dove partire? Saussure e Grida ha imbastito una serie proprio per te.
In Sopravvivere all’esame di Linguistica Generale vediamo come affrontare tutti gli step del corso senza affogare.
Nella prima puntata:
cosa sono linguaggio, lingua e uso linguistico
la figata della doppia articolazione
come la linguistica studia il linguaggio con un approccio scientifico e descrittivo (non prescrittivo)
Concetti chiave spiegati in modo chiaro e con un tono un po' cazzone per aiutarti a superare l'esame.
Pensato per studenti di lettere o lingue, ma anche per chiunque abbia la curiosità di capire come funziona il linguaggio umano.

Grafiche: Gianluca La Bruna
La sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.io

Fonti:
Arcodia G.F., & Panunzi A. (Eds.) (2023). Linguistica. Introduzione alle scienze del linguaggio. Milano: Pearson.
Garvin P.L. (1974). What Is Linguistics? London: E. Arnold.
Graffi G., & Scalise S. ([2002] 2013). Le lingue e il linguaggio. Introduzione alla linguistica. Bologna: il Mulino.

Il Pirahã. Lingua remota e parlata da pochissime persone, eppure capace di scatenare dibattiti infuocati nella comunità linguistica. Tra assurdità sintattiche, ricorsività, sistema numerico e controversie nate dalle ricerche di Dan Everett, ci chiediamo se davvero il Pirahã sia un caso più unico che raro tra le lingue del mondo.  

Grafiche: Gianluca La Bruna

La sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.io

FONTI:
Agrillo C. (2012). Evidence for two numerical systems that are similar in humans and guppies. PLOS ONE, 7(2):e31923.
Campbell L. (2012). Classification of the indigenous languages of South America. In V. Grondona & L. Campbell (Eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. (pp. 59-166). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Chelliah S., & de Reuse (2011) Handbook of Descriptive linguistic fieldwork.  New York: Springer.
Chomsky N. (1980). Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3(1):1–15.
Colapinto J. (2007): The Interpreter. The New Yorker, 16, 125.
Epps P. (2005). Language endangerment in Amazonia: The role of missionaries. In J. Wohlgemuth & T. Dirksmeyer (Eds.), Bedrohte Vielfalt: aspects of language death (pp. 311-327). Berlin: Weinßensee Verlag.
Epps P. & Lev M. (2023). Amazonian languages: language isolates. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.  
Errington J. (2008). Linguistics in a colonial world: a story of language, meaning, and power. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell.
Everett D.L. (1992). A Língua Pirahã e a Teoria da Sintaxe: Descrição, Perspectivas e Teoria (Ph.D. thesis). Institute of Language Studies at the State University of Campinas: Editora Unicamp.  chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Aeverett-1983/Everett_1983_A_lingua_Piraha_e_a_teoria_da_sintaxe.pdf  
Everett D.L. (2001). Monolingual field research. In P. Newman & M. Ratliff (Eds.), Linguistic Fieldwork (pp. 166–188). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Everett D.L. (2005). Cultural Constraints on Grammar and Cognition in Pirahã: Another Look at the Design Features of Human Language. Current Anthropology, 46:621–646.
Everett D.L. (2008). Don't sleep, there are snakes. New York: Pantheon Books.
Everett D.L. (2010). You drink. You drive. You go to jail. Where's recursion? chrome-extension://efaidnbmnnnibpcajpcglclefindmkaj/https://daneverettbooks.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/everett_10_You-drink-You-.pdf
Everett D. L. (2012). What does Pirahã grammar have to teach us about human language and the mind? Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 3(6):555–563.
Frank M.C., Everett D.L., Fedorenko E., & Gibson E. (2008). Number as a cognitive technology: evidence from Pirahã language and cognition. Cognition, 108(3):819–824.
Futrell R., Stearns L., Everett, D.L., Piantadosi S.T., & Gibson E. (2016). A corpus investigation of syntactic embedding in Pirahã. PLoS ONE, 11(3).   
Gordon P.  (2004). Numerical cognition without words: evidence from Amazonia. Science, 306(5695):496–499.  
Hauser M.D., Carey S., & Hauser L.B. (2000). Spontaneous number representation in semi–free–ranging rhesus monkeys. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Biological Sciences, 267(1445): 829–833.
Horák M., Uhrin M., & Amaral A.P. (2023) Status of the current scientific knowledge on Pirahã: what is known and what could be studied in future? Anthropologia Integra 14(2):25-33.
Hou J., Wang Y., Zhang Y., & Wang D. (2022). How do scholars and non-scholars participate in dataset dissemination on Twitter. Journal of Informetrics, 16(1):101223. 
Hvalkof S., Aaby P. (1981). Is God an American? An anthropological perspective on the missionary work of the Summer Institute of Linguistics. Copenhagen/London: A Survival International Document, International Workgroup for Indigenous Affairs.
Hyde D.C. (2010). Near-infrared spectroscopy shows right parietal specialization for number in pre-verbal infants. NeuroImage., 53(2):647–652.
Kocab A., Senghas A., Coppola M., & Snedeker J. (2023). Potentially recursive structures emerge quickly when a new language community forms. Cognition, 232(105261).
Nevins A., Pesetsky D., & Rodrigues C. (2009). Evidence and argumentation: a reply to Everett. Language, 2009;85(3):671–681.
Nevins A., Pesetsky D., & Rodrigues C. (2009). Pirahã exceptionality: a reassessment. Language, 85:355–404.  
Overmann K.A. (2021). Numerical origins: the critical questions. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 21(5):449–468.
Pessoa L., & Desimone R. (2003). From humble neural beginnings comes knowledge of numbers. Neuron, 37(1):4–6.
Piazza M. (2004). Tuning curves for approximate numerosity in the human parietal cortex. Neuron, 44(3):547–555.  
Piazza M. (2010). Neurocognitive start-up tools for symbolic number representations. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(12):542–551.  
Pullum G.K. (2004). The Straight Ones: Dan Everett on the Pirahã. Language Log http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/001387.html
Pullum G.K. (2024). Daniel Everett on Pirahã syntax. In E. Gibson & M. Poliak (Eds.), From fieldwork to linguistic theory: a tribute to Dan Everett (pp. 23-74). Berlin: Language Science Press. 
Reboul A. (2012): Language: between Cognition, communication and culture. Pragmatics & Cognition, 20(2):295–316. 
Reboul A. (2017): A pragmatic and philosophical examination of Everett’s claims about Pirahã. In J. Blochowiak, C. Grisot, S. Durrleman, & C. Leanzlinger (Eds.). Formal Models in the Study of Language Applications in Interdisciplinary Contexts (pp. 84–96). New York: Springer.
Rodrigues C. (2017). Absence of evidence is not evidence of absence: the Pirahã case. Revista Diadorim, 19:305–324. 
Rodrigues C., Salles R., & Sandalo F. (2018). Word order in control: evidence for self-embedding in Pirahã. In L. Amaral, M. Maia, A. Nevins, & T. Roeper (Eds.), Recursion across domains (pp. 111-126). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Sauerland U. (2015). False speech reports in Pirahã: a comprehension experiment. In L. Amaral, M. Maia, A. Nevins, & T. Roeper T (Eds.). Recursion and embedding in Brazilian languages and beyond (pp. 21-34). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Sergeyev Y.D. (2022). Some paradoxes of infinity revisited. Mediterranean Journal of Mathematics, 19(3).
Sousa D. (2010). Mind, brain, and education: neuroscience implications for the classroom. Bloomington, IN: Solution Tree Press.
Thomas M. (2020). The monolingual approach in American linguistic fieldwork. Historiographia Linguistica, 47(2–3): 266–302. 
Woelfle M., Olliaro P., Todd M.H. (2011). Open science is a research accelerator. Nature Chemistry, 3(10):745–748.

Cosa succede prima delle riprese di un film, quando tutto è ancora solo parola?
In questa puntata parliamo della lingua della sceneggiatura insieme a Francesca Detti, sceneggiatrice, produttrice e cofondatrice dei Licaoni, autrice di webserie pluripremiate, di fumetti e di teatro.
Francesca ci racconta cosa significa scrivere per il cinema: cos’è davvero una sceneggiatura, come si relaziona allo storyboard, quanto può cambiare tra pagina e schermo, e soprattutto come funzionano i dialoghi, come fanno a essere spontanei pur essendo scritti, cosa rende un dialogo credibile, e come la lingua può costruire un personaggio. Francesca affronta anche questioni come l’uso del dialetto nel linguaggio cinematografico, le pause, i sottotesti, e tutte quelle minuscole scelte linguistiche che sorreggono un intero film.

Grafiche: Gianluca La Bruna
La sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.io  

CONSIGLI DI LETTURA:
Age (2021). Scriviamo un film. Manuale di sceneggiatura. Milano: il Saggiatore.
Cecchi d’Amico, S. (2023). Storie di cinema (e d'altro) raccontate a Margherita D'Amico. Milano: Bompiani.
Fargeat, C. (2020). The substance. Sceneggiatura. https://drive.google.com/file/d/10T08jdsSRR9WLvAqI2dIjCoLvYroAHaM/view
Field S. (1991). La sceneggiatura. Il film sulla carta. Milano: Lupetti.
King S. (2001). On writing. Autobiografia di un mestiere. Milano: Sperling & Kupfer.
Mamet D. (2010). I tre usi del coltello. Saggi e lezioni sul cinema. Roma: Minimum fax.
McKee R. (2010). Story. Contenuti, struttura, stile, principi per la sceneggiatura e per l'arte di scrivere storie. Roma: Omero Editore.
Seger L. (2004). Come scrivere una grande sceneggiatura. Roma: Dino Audino editore.
Snyder B. (2005) Save the cat. Manuale di sceneggiatura, Roma: Omero Editore.
Truby, J. (2009). Anatomia di una storia. I ventidue passi che strutturano un grande script. Roma: Dino Audino editore.

Cosa succede alla lingua madre quando ci trasferiamo in un paese straniero, parliamo un’altra lingua tutti i giorni e l’italiano si prende una pausa? In questa puntata esploriamo il fenomeno dell’attrito linguistico: dai meccanismi cognitivi al ruolo dell’identità emotiva, passando per casi reali e studi scientifici. Spoiler: anche se la tua lingua madre si rincoglionisce, non è mai sparita del tutto.  

Grafiche: Gianluca La Bruna

La sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.io  

FONTI:      
Atkinson R.C., & Shiffrin R.M. (1968). Human memory: a proposed system and its control processes. In K.W. Spence, & J.T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 89-195). Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.
Birdsong D. (2009). Age and the end state of second language acquisition. In W. Ritchie & T. Bhatia (Eds.), The new handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 401–424). Amsterdam: Elsevier.  
Bylund E. (2009). Maturational constraints and first language attrition. Language Learning, 59(3):687–715.  
Carminati M.N. (2002). The Processing of Italian Subject Pronouns. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. 
Clyne M. (1986). Towards a systematization of language contact dynamics. In J.A. Fishman, A. Tabouret-Keller, M. Clyne, B. Krishnamurti, & M. Abdulaziz (Eds.), The Fergusian impact: in honor of Charles A. Ferguson on the occasion of his 65th birthday, Vol. II (pp. 483–492). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
de Bot K. (2001). Language use as an interface between sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic processes in language attrition and language shift. In J. Klatter-Folmer & P. van Avermaet (Eds.), Theories on maintenance and loss of minority languages. Towards a more integrated explanatory framework (pp. 65–82). Münster: Waxmann.  
Dorian N.C. (1981). Language death. The life cycle of a Scottish Gaelic dialect. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.  
Ecke P. (2004). Language attrition and theories of forgetting: a cross-disciplinary review. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(3):321–354.  
Fabbro F. (1999). The neurolinguistics of bilingualism. An introduction. Hove: Psychology Press.  
Gargiulo C. (2020). On L1 attrition and prosody in pronominal anaphora resolution. Ph.D. dissertation, Lund University.   
Hansen L. (2011). The acquisition, attrition, and relearning of mission vocabulary. In M.S. Schmid, & W. Lowie (Eds.), Modeling bilingualism: from structure to chaos (pp. 115–134). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.  
Hyltenstam K., & Abrahamsson N. (2003). Maturational constraints in SLA. In C.J. Doughty, & M.H. Long (Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 539–588). Oxford: Blackwell.  
Hyltenstam K., Bylund E., Abrahamsson N., & Park H.S. (2009). Dominant language replacement: the case of international adoptees. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 12:121–140.  
Kaufman D. (2001). Tales of L1 attrition: evidence from pre-puberty children. In T. Ammerlaan, M. Hulsen, H. Strating, & K. Yağmur (Eds.), Sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic perspectives on maintenance and loss of minority languages (pp. 185–202). Münster: Waxmann.  
Köpke B., & Schmid, M.S. (2011). L’attrition de la première langue en tant que phénomène psycholinguistique. Language, Interaction and Acquisition, 2(2):197-220.  
Lenneberg E.H. (1967). Biological Foundations of Language. New York: Wiley.
Montrul S. (2008). Incomplete acquisition in bilingualism: re-examining the age factor. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.  
Morgane P.J. (2005). A review of systems and networks of the limbic forebrain/limbic midbrain. Progress in Neurobiology, 75(2): 143–60.  
Myers-Scotton C. (2002). Contact linguistics: bilingual encounters and grammatical outcomes. New York: Oxford University Press.  
Oh J., Au T. & Jun. S. (2010). Early childhood language memory in the speech perception of international adoptees. The Journal of Child Language, 37:1123–1132.  
Pallier C., Dehaene S., Poline J.B., LeBihan D., Argenti A.M., Dupoux E., & Mehler J. (2003). Brain imaging of language plasticity in adopted adults: can a second language replace the first? Cerebral Cortex, 13(2):155–161.   
Paradis M. (2004). A neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. 
Paradis, M. (2007). L1 attrition features predicted by a neurolinguistic theory of bilingualism. In B. Köpke, M.S. Schmid, M. Keijzer, & S. Dostert (Eds.), Language attrition: theoretical perspectives (pp. 121–133). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.  
Pavlenko A. (2005). Emotions and multilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 
Schmid M.S. (2013). First language attrition: state of the discipline and future directions. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 3(1):94-115.  
Schmid M.S. (2013). Language attrition. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 3(1):96–117.  
Schmid M.S., & Köpke B. (2009). Hesitation markers in different contexts of L1 attrition. EuroSLA 19, Cork, 3–5 September 2009. 
Schumann J. H. (1997). The neurobiology of affect in language. Malden, MA: Blackwell. 
Seliger H.W. (1991). Language attrition, reduced redundancy, and creativity. In H.W. Seliger, & R.M. Vago (Eds.), First language attrition (pp. 227–240). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.   
Seliger H.W., & Vago R.M. (1991). The study of first language attrition: an overview. In H.W. Seliger & R.M. Vago (Eds.), First language attrition (pp. 3–15). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  
Sharwood Smith M. (1983). On first language loss in the second language acquirer: Problems of transfer. In S. Gass, & L. Selinker (Eds.), Language transfer in language learning (pp. 222–231). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.  
Ullman M.T. (2001). The neural basis of lexicon and grammar in first and second language: the declarative/procedural model. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4:105–122.
Ventureyra V., Pallier C. & Yoo H.Y. (2004). The loss of first language phonetic perception in adopted Koreans. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 17(1):79–91.

Il cervello umano è l’organo più complicato e affascinante che esista in natura, e lo usiamo per tutto, anche (e forse soprattutto) per il linguaggio.
In questa puntata esploriamo come la lingua è organizzata nella nostra testa: dagli emisferi e dai lobi, ai solchi e alle circonvoluzioni, fino alle connessioni tra le aree di Broca e Wernicke.
Vediamo come queste strutture ci permettono di parlare, capire, ricordare e immaginare parole, e come, nel corso della storia, l’umanità abbia provato a svelare i segreti di questa macchina incredibile.  

Grafiche: Gianluca La Bruna

La sigla è stata prodotta da White Hot e fornita da https://freebeats.io

Gli audio dei pazienti afasici sono stati presi dal Canale YouTube di Tactus Therapy: https://www.youtube.com/@Tactustherapy
 
Afasia di Broca: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JWC-cVQmEmY

Afasia di Wernicke: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3oef68YabD0

FONTI:
Basinger H., & Hogg J.P. (2023). Neuroanatomy, Brainstem. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing.
Bellebaum C., & Daum I. (2007). Cerebellar involvement in executive control. The Cerebellum, 6(3):184-192.
Bernard C. (1865) Introduction à l'étude de la médicine expérimentale. Paris: Flammarion.
Binder J.R. (2015). The Wernicke area: modern evidence and a reinterpretation. Neurology, 85(24):2170–2175.
Binder J.R. (2017). Current Controversies on Wernicke's Area and its role in Language. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 17(8):58.
Breedlove M., Watson N.V., & Rosenzweig M.R. (2013). Biological Psychology: an introduction to behavioral, cognitive and clinical neuroscience. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates.
Catani M. & Bambini V. (2014). A model for social communication and language evolution and development (SCALED). Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 28:165-171.
Deacon T.W. (1997). The symbolic species: the co-evolution of language and the brain. New York: W.W. Norton & Co.
Ferretti F., Adornetti I., Chiera A., Nicchiarelli S., Magni R., Valeri G. & Marini A. (2017). Mental time travel and language evolution: a narrative account of the origins of human communication. Language Sciences, 63: 105-118.
Flinker A., Chang E.F., Barbaro N.M., Berger M.S., Knight R.T. (2011). Sub-centimeter language organization in the human temporal lobe. Brain and Language, 117(3): 103–9.
Azevedo F.A.C, Carvalho L.R.B, & Grinberg L.T. (2009). Equal numbers of neuronal and non-neuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology, 513(5):532-541.
Friederici A.D. (2017). Language in our brain: the origins of a uniquely human capacity. Cambridge, MA & London: The MIT Press. 
Galaburda A.M., Lemay M., Kemper T.L., & Geschwind N. (1978). Righ-left asymmetries in the brain. Science, 199(4331):852-856.
Gazzaniga M.S., Ivry R.B., Mangun G.R. (2002). Cognitive neuroscience: the biology of the mind (2nd ed.). New York: Norton. 
Indefrey P. (2012). The spatial and temporal signatures of word production components: a critical update. Frontiers in Psychology, 2: 255
Ingram J.C. (2007). Neurolinguistics: an introduction to spoken language processing and its disorders. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Marini A. (2022). I contributi delle neuroscienze cognitive alla ridefinizione delle basi neurali del linguaggio. In M. Dovetto, T. Raso, & P. Sorianello (Eds.), Le patologie del linguaggio: studi e risorse tra crossdisciplinarità e interdisciplinarità. Special Issue, Chimera. Romance Corpora and Linguistic Studies, 9:3-20. 
Mohammed N., Narayan V., Patra D.P., Nanda A. (2018). Louis Victor Leborgne (“Tan”). World Neurosurgery, 114:121-125.
Nakajima, R.,Yordanova, Y.N., Duffau H., & Herbet G. (2018). Neuropsychological evidence for the crucial role of the right arcuate fasciculus in the face-based mentalizing network: A disconnection analysis. Neuropsychologia, 115:179–187.
Nasios G., Dardiotis E., & Messinis L. (2019). From Broca and Wernicke to the Neuromodulation era: insights of Brain Language Networks for neurorehabilitation. Behavioural neurology, 2019, ID 9894571. 
Papadatou-Pastou M., Ntolka E., Schmitz J., Martin M., Munafò M.R., Ocklenburg S., & Paracchini S. (2020). Human handedness: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 146(6):481–524.
Piervincenzi C., Petrilli A., Marini A., Caulo M., Committeri G., & Sestieri C. (2016). Multimodal assessment of hemispheric lateralization for language and its relevance for behavior. NeuroImage, 142:351-370.
Roth H.L. (2002). Finding language in the matter of the brain: origins of the clinical aphasia examination. Seminars in neurology, 22(4):335–348.
Schmahmann J.D. (1991). An emerging concept: the cerebellar contribution to higher function. Archives of Neurobiology, 48(11):1178.
Singh, V. (2014). Textbook of Anatomy Head, Neck, and Brain; Volume III (2nd ed.). Bengaluru, India: Elsevier India.
Tremblay P., & Brambati S.M. (2024). A historical perspective on the neurobiology of speech and language: from the 19th century to the present. Frontiers in psychology, 15, ID: 1420133.
Wingfield A., & Grossman M., (2006). Language and the aging brain: patterns of neural compensation revealed by functional brain imaging. Journal of Neurophysiology, 96(6):2830–2839.