The Index

• Cannabis legalization efforts in Morocco

  In August 2024, King Mohammed VI pardoned over 4800 Cannabis farmers in Morocco. This came as part of the country’s wider legalization efforts to tap into the economic potential of the booming global cannabis market. Morocco is one of the world's leading cannabis producers, and in 2021 it approved a bill regulating cannabis cultivation for medical, pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. According to the Global Organized Crime Index, this step towards better regulation has contributed to Morocco’s increased resilience score for National Policies and Laws from 6.0 to 6.5. However, the vast majority of Morocco's territorial areas of cultivation remain in the hands of the illicit economy. With a score of 9 out of 10, Morocco currently sits at the top of the OC Index for Cannabis Trade.Presenter: Thin Lei WinSpeaker(s): Raouf Farrah, Senior Analyst, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized CrimeLinksWebinar - Morocco’s regularization of cannabis production: Anticipated impacts on the illicit cannabis economy Morocco Country ProfileThe Global Organized Crime IndexGlobal Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

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• Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs in Canada

  In Canada, Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs, often referred to as a "1%" Club, include infamous names like the Hells Angels, The Outlaws, Bandidos. The Hells Angels are reported to have over 450 chapters across almost 60 countries around the world – many of those are in Canada.According to Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the RCMP, Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs, are involved in a range of illicit markets – fraud, counterfeiting, money laundering, extortion, corruption, drug trafficking, illicit firearms trafficking, violence and murder.According to the Global Organized Crime Index, Canada has very high levels of resilience to organized crime, with a score of 7.21 out of 10 – placing it 23rd globally.On the other side of the coin, Canada has low levels of criminality – with 3.88 out of 10 – sitting 160th out of 193 countries.The Criminal Actor score is 3.9 out of 10, BUT mafia style groups is the highest form of criminal actor at 5/10, and outlaw motorcycle gangs are the most widespread in Canada, with Nova Scotia of particular interest due to its port of entry for illegal drugs. In this episode, Thin sits down with Conor King, from the Victoria Police Department to discuss the role of outlaw motorcycle clubs in the illicit economies of Canada.Presenter: Thin Lei WinSpeaker(s): Conor King, Detective Inspector, Victoria Police Department, CanadaLinksCanada Country ProfileThe Global Organized Crime IndexWashington Post - Iran turns to Hells Angels and other criminal gangs to target criticsGlobal Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

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  21:37
• Vietnam & human trafficking

  In August police in Vietnam uncovered an infant trafficking ring which had purchased and resold at least 16 infants, ages ranging from just days to a few months old, leading to further investigations that uncovered 84 suspected trafficking cases across 32 provinces.In this episode, we delve into the harrowing realities of human trafficking in Vietnam. For more than two decades the country has been a source, destination, and transit point, with a troubling score of 7 out of 10 on the Global Organized Crime Index. Criminal actors involved include local recruitment agencies, family members and acquaintances of victims, and foreign actors such as Chinese and Korean ‘bride recruitment’ brokers. Criminals are increasingly professional, and form closed interprovincial, transnational and international networks.Vietnam's resilience to human trafficking, more specifically, Victim and Witness Support and especially Non-State Actors scores were critically low in the 2023 OC Index assessment.Presenter: Thin Lei WinSpeaker(s): Hai Thanh Luong, Research Fellow, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith UniversityLinksVietnam Country ProfileThe Global Organized Crime IndexGlobal Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

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• The Mocro Mafia in Western Europe

  The 'Marengo Trial' lasted years, finally resulting in multiple convictions of the so-called Mocro Mafia, including one of its most infamous leaders, Ridouan Taghi, who was convicted of murder among other things.Who are the Mocro Mafia? They were born out of the Dutch-Moroccan community in the Netherlands during the 90s, starting with the smuggling of hashish before moving onto the much more profitable cocaine. Its estimated that they control up to a third of the cocaine market in Europe. But they have also left a trail of destruction in their wake, journalists and lawyers have been murdered, bombs have been detonated, many have been killed.The Mocro Mafia have grown beyond the Netherlands and now operate transnationally, they are active in the Netherlands, Germany, Belgium, the UAE, Suriname, Colombia and Spain. According to the Global Organized Crime Index, there has been an increase in the 'Criminal Actor' and 'Criminal Markets' score in Western Europe. Criminal markets have increased from 4.06 to 4.48 out of 10. All criminal markets have increased over the last few years in this region, but the largest increase was in the Mocro Mafia's prime market, the cocaine trade, now at 5.77 out of 10 - that is the highest regional score in Europe. Presenter: Thin Lei WinSpeaker(s): Sarah Fares, Analyst, Global Initiative against Transnational Organized CrimeOC Index Country profile(s):Netherlands country profileGermany country profileBelgium country profileSpain country profileSuriname country profileUAE country profileColombia country profileAdditional Links:Violence without borders: Why is drug-related violence spilling over into Germany?The Global Organized Crime IndexGlobal Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

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  14:47
• Paraguay: Rising Criminality

  When we think about the global drugs trade – countries like Colombia and Mexico often come to mind. But according to the Global Organized Crime Index, the country that sits just behind those two is Paraguay. In fact, Paraguay sits 4th globally for levels of criminality, with 7.52 out of 10.It has really high scores for illicit markets like arms trafficking (9), counterfeit goods (9), Cocaine (8.5), and Cannabis (9). But then if we look at Criminal Actors within the OC Index, again, Paraguay scores incredibly highly across the board, for example state-embedded actors are at 9 out of 10, alongside foreign criminal actors. Overall, its Criminal Actor score is 8.3 out of 10.Since 2021, Paraguay has seen an increase of 0.82 in levels of criminality, which means it climbed 12 places to 4th globally.In addition to this, levels of resilience have remained relatively low, at 3.42 out of 10.Only four other countries have seen a larger increase in the gap between criminality and resilience.In this episode Thin discusses the situation in Paraguay.Presenter: Thin Lei WinSpeakers: Professor Alba Maria González Rolón, former Judge for the first and only court dealing with Organized Crime in Paraguay and member of the GI Network of Experts.OC Index Country profile(s):Paraguay Country ProfileAdditional Links:The Global Organized Crime IndexGlobal Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime

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